Existing Initiatives in Latin America and Other Regions
In Brazil, the Police could invoke a report of a stolen device. In Ecuador, a user must first report a theft for the blocking process to be initiated. In Chile, whitelists address the issue of device registration prior to the selling of imported devices/handsets. Devices are linked to a national public registry entry pointing to the owner. The successful implementation of IMEI blacklists hinges on strong and precise crime reporting mechanisms. This may not be easy especially in countries where a bulk of crimes go unreported.
A recent study in Brazil established that only 51% of phone theft victims reported to the Police. Notwithstanding the execution of blacklists and whitelists in Peru, an approximated average of 250 devices are stolen per hour - translating to 6,000 stolen devices per day. Phone theft incidents reported to the Columbian police in the initial half of 2017 was as low as 4%. Thieves circumvent blacklist systems by either shipping stolen devices in neighboring regions and countries or altering IMEIs.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) observed that the theft of handsets was a major problem affecting cities. To this effect, TRAI instituted measures to work out a framework by which theft of mobile phones could be dissuaded and Consultative Paper No.2/2004 was issued on 8th January 2004 to invoke engagement by various stakeholders. Handset cost was identified as a chief inhibitor for low-end customers, with a gap in mobile phone prices clearly noted between the legitimate and grey markets. The grey market consists of smuggled, lost, and or stolen handsets. Therefore, action had to be taken to safeguard consumer interests by disincentivizing the purchase of handsets from the illegal grey market. screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs screen replacements MacBook repairs battery replacements back glass repairs undefined The blacklisting of handsets became a major consideration of the Telecommunication Regulation Authority of India (TRAI) and it was proposed to be done based on the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The next phase would be to ensure the sharing of IMEI numbers of stolen or lost handsets among all mobile network operators in the country and denial of service to blacklisted handsets by all operators in a bid to effectively address the theft problem. But as noted by Yatin Jog et al operators in India implemented Equipment Identity Registers (EIRs) in isolation and thus stolen phones could still be usable if one simply changes SIM cards since operators were not sharing information [25].
3. Methodology
Two main approaches are applicable when conducting research – quantitative and qualitative. Qualitative research focuses on the social constructivism paradigm and sanctions the socially constructed nature of reality. The qualitative approach puts no emphasis on data in numerical form and thereby does not stress the analysis of data by the use of statistical techniques. Quantitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with the gathering of data and translating it into numerical formats so that analyses and deductions can be drawn with ease [26]. The qualitative and quantitative methods could complement each other, so this study adopted a mix of the two.
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Both primary and secondary data sources were considered in this study. Primary data was obtained in the form of responses to structured and semi-structured questionnaires that were distributed to four categories of respondents. These respondents included the Zambia Police as the law enforcement wing, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) as the service providers, ZICTA as the regulator as well as the general populace who are the users. Open-ended and closed-ended questions were included in these questionnaires in order to capture both the qualitative and quantitative responses. Further, an online survey was conducted through Google Forms, which was used in a way used to aid in the reception of responses to the questionnaire designed for the general populace. In terms of secondary data, the study methodically evaluated data from previous studies that considered GSM theories and concepts for a possible solution to the challenge of mobile phone theft. The literature examined encompassed journal articles from reputable publishers, proceedings, and publications, material from standards bodies like the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the GSM Association (GSMA).
Particularly, the Researcher conducted face-to-face interviews mainly with ZICTA, MTN, and ZAMTEL. The course of these interviews was generally guided by the questionnaire designed for Mobile Network Operators (MNOs).
The population is the total compilation of elements about which we wish to make inferences. The population considered for this study was that of Lusaka Province. As seen from the baseline study results, Lusaka province recorded the highest number of mobile phone theft incidents. Further, the Headquarters (HQs) for the Mobile Service Providers, ZICTA, and Police are in Lusaka. Based on the statistics obtained from the Central Statistical Office (CSO), Lusaka has a population size of approximately 1.7 million.
Based on this estimated Lusaka population, a sample of 450 respondents were selected and given questionnaires to fill in. The sample size was arrived at using an Online Sample Size Calculator which guided that a minimum of 385 responses would have to be secured if the desired confidence of 95% and marginal error of 5% was desired [28]. In determining the target respondents, a multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to select respondents from the four different zones of Lusaka namely Chilanga, Chongwe, Kafue, and Lusaka. The sampling design was appropriate for a large sample such as for this study. In this design, the study proportionately clustered the respondents according to their zones. After clustering them, a systematic random sampling of households and individuals was then used to select the final respondents.
Further, in selecting the other stakeholders from the Police, ZICTA, and service providers, purposive sampling was employed in which subjects were purposively selected based on their expert knowledge on the subject.
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